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KEYNESIAN CROSS: The standard diagram used in Keynesian economics to identify the equilibrium level of aggregate output (that is, gross domestic product), with aggregate expenditures measured on the vertical axis, and aggregate output measured on the horizontal axis. This diagram contains two key lines, the aggregate expenditure line and the 45-degree line. Intersection between these lines indicates equilibrium aggregate output. This intersection, or cross, is what gives rise to the name.
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Basic Flow |
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Unit 2: Financial Markets |
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Unit 3: Government |
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Unit 4: Foreign |
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Unit 5: Real World | |
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Circular Flow
This lesson introduces the circular flow model of the macroeconomy. The circular flow is a simple model based on the buying and selling relation between the household and business sectors which occurs through the product and factor markets. As a bonus, we complicate the simply circular flow model, by including the government and foreign sectors, and the financial markets. This lesson introduces several important macroeconomic concept, but more importantly, provides a useful model for interpreting macroeconomic activity. - In the first unit, we get an introduction to the simplest circular flow model that includes the household and business sectors and the product and factor markets.
- The second unit builds on the simple model by introducing the financial markets, which highlights the importance of household saving and business investment.
- The circular flow is expanding further in the third unit, with the introduction of the government sector, which highlights how taxes are diverted away from the household sector.
- The fourth unit adds one more sector to the circular flow model, the foreign sector, which illustrates the roles played exports and imports.
- The fifth unit wraps up this lesson by showing how several key measures of production and income revealed in the analysis of gross domestic production related to the circular flow.
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FOUR-FIRM CONCENTRATION RATIO The proportion of total output in an industry produced by the four largest firms in an industry. This is one of two common concentration ratios. The other is the eight-firm concentration ratio. Another related measure is the Herfindahl index. The four-firm concentration ratio is commonly used to indicate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic and the extent of market control held by the four largest firms in the industry.
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GRAY SKITTERY
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through mail order catalogs seeking to buy either a genuine down-filled pillow or one of those "hang in there" kitty cat posters. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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The New York Stock Exchange was established by a group of investors in New York City in 1817 under a buttonwood tree at the end of a little road named Wall Street.
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"Expect people to be better than they are; it helps them to become better. But don't be disappointed when they're not; it helps them to keep trying." -- Merry Browne, Author
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DCF
Discounted Cash Flow
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