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INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL: A model used in Keynesian economics based on the equality of non-consumption expenditures (or injections) and non-consumption uses of income (leakages). On one side of the equality is saving, taxes, and imports -- the non-consumption leakages. On the other side of the equality is investment, government purchases, and exports -- the non-consumption injections. The injection-leakage model provides an alternative to the Keynesian cross for identifying equilibrium aggregate output.
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Lesson 19: Monopolistic Competition | Unit 5: Evaluation
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Page: 20 of 22
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Topic:
The Good: Differences
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- While monopolistic competition is inefficient and has excess capacity, all is not bad:
- Competition Among the Many: Although monopolistic competition is not perfect competition, it is competition.
- Price and Marginal Cost: While monopolistic competition does not produce the quantity that equates price and marginal cost, the difference is often NOT very big.
- Different Preferences: Because monopolistic competition firms offer different products, buyers are able to satisfy different tastes and preferences.
- Monopolistic competition may actually be a BETTER market structure than perfect competition -- at least better for real world people who live in the real world.
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AGGREGATE DEMAND DECREASE, LONG-RUN AGGREGATE MARKET A shock to the long-run aggregate market caused by a decrease in aggregate demand resulting in and illustrated by a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve. A decrease in aggregate demand in the long-run aggregate market results in an increase in the price level but no change in real production. The level of real production resulting from the aggregate demand shock is full-employment real production.
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The first paper notes printed in the United States were in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cents, 25 cents, and 50 cents.
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"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires." -- William Ward ‚ Texas Wesleyan University Administrator
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