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March 28, 2024 

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UNPLANNED INVESTMENT: Investment expenditures that the business sector undertakes apart from those they intend to undertake based on expected economic conditions, interest rates, sales, and profitability. Another term for unplanned investment is change in inventories, which result when aggregate expenditures differ from aggregate output. Unplanned investment can be either positive or negative, meaning business inventories can either rise or fall. Should unplanned investment occur, then actual and planned investment differ, aggregate expenditures are not equal to aggregate output, and the macroeconomy is not in equilibrium.

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ZERO-BASE BUDGET: A method of budgeting expenditures in which each expenditure is justified on its overall merits rather than being based on the budget for the previous year. A zero-base budget is most often proposed (but seldom implemented) for governments. Governments generally establish budget expenditures based on expenditures for the previous year. If, for example, budget expenditures last year were $100 billion, the requested budget for this year might be set at $110 billion. The existing $100 billion is a "given" and only the extra $10 billion is justified. With a zero-base budget, the entire $110 billion is justified.

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CONGLOMERATE MERGER

The consolidation of two or more separately-owned businesses, operating in separate industries, into a single firm. This is one of three types of mergers. The other two are horizontal merger--two competing firms in the same industry that sell the same products--and vertical merger--two firms in different stages of the production of one good, such that the output of one business is the input of the other.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching the newspaper want ads seeking to buy either a genuine down-filled comforter or a 200-foot blue garden hose. Be on the lookout for poorly written technical manuals.
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The first U.S. fire insurance company was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 in Philadelphia.
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