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KALDOR-HICKS EFFICIENCY: A type of efficiency that results if the monetary value of society's resources are maximized. This is achieved if the marginal willingness to pay by those who benefit from an action is equal to the marginal willingness to accept of those harmed. If this condition is not achieved, then a Kaldor-Hicks improvement is possible. Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, named after Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, is the theoretical basis of benefit-cost analysis, a technique commonly used to evaluate the desirability of producing public goods (such as parks, highways, or reservoirs). This is one of two noted efficiency criteria used in economics. The other is Pareto efficiency.
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INSURANCE A service that transfers the risk of loss from an individual to a larger group. The larger group is typically represented by an insurance provider, either a private for-profit company or a government agency. The insurance provider can assume the risk through risk pooling. Risk averse people, who are willing to pay a premium to avoid risk, are the ones most inclined to purchase insurance. The risk averse individual agrees to incur a small guaranteed loss (the premium) but avoids incurring a less likely, but much bigger, loss.
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BROWN PRAGMATOX
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the shopping mall hoping to buy either a travel case for you toothbrush or a looseleaf notebook binder. Be on the lookout for crowded shopping malls.
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In the late 1800s and early 1900s, almost 2 million children were employed as factory workers.
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"Whenever you fall, pick up something. " -- Oswald Avery, scientist
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JEH
Journal of Economic History
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