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PERSONAL TAX AND NONTAX PAYMENTS: The official item in the National Income and Product Accounts maintained by the Bureau of Economic Analysis measuring personal income taxes paid to the government sector on personal income received by the household sector. Personal tax and nontax payments are subtracted from personal income (PI) to calculate disposable income (DI). Personal tax and nontax payments are about 15% of personal income and about 13% of gross domestic product.

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Lesson 12: Business Cycles | Unit 2: A Simple Cycle Page: 8 of 26

Topic: Trough <=PAGE BACK | PAGE NEXT=>

Contractions don't last forever. The end of a contraction is the trough, the turning point to an expansion.
  • Point B is the end of the contraction and the beginning of the expansion, the trough.
  • A trough is the turning point between a contraction and an expansion.
  • A trough is the lowest level reached by the economy before an expansion begins, the dark before the dawn.
  • Turning points are important because they are the transition from bad to good of good to bad.
  • A turning point might not be identified until well after it has happened.

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COLLUSION PRODUCTION ANALYSIS

To avoid competition, oligopolistic firms are occasionally inclined to cooperate through collusion. Collusion occurs when two or more oligopolistic firms jointly agree to control market prices and quantity and to generally act like a monopoly. Colluding firms set a price and produce a quantity that maximizes industry-wide economic profit, the same price and quantity that would be selected by a profit-maximizing monopoly. Once the industry-wide price and production are determined, each individual firm produces the quantity of output that equates the marginal cost of the firm to the marginal revenue for the industry.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a going out of business sale hoping to buy either galvanized steel storage shelves or a large green chalkboard shaped like the state of Maine. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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Junk bonds are so called because they have a better than 50% chance of default, carrying a Standard & Poor's rating of CC or lower.
"Lord, where we are wrong, make us willing to change; where we are right, make us easy to live with. "

-- Peter Marshall, US Senate chaplain

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