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PATENT: The guaranteed ownership and control of an invention, innovation, or production technique by government for a period of time (currently 17 years). A patent gives the owner the exclusive rights to sell, market, license, or otherwise generate revenue from an invention, innovation, or production technique. Patents are designed to encourage inventions and other developments that promote technological advances. However, they are also an entry barrier and lead to market control.

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Lesson 2: Economic Science | Unit 2: Theory Page: 5 of 20

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Here are three notable aspects of scientific theories:
  • Universal: Theories are best if they apply to a wide variety of events. The scientific method is the process of identifying general principles that eliminate exceptions.
  • World View: Theories typically build upon a world view as part of their general body of principles.
    • Verified Principles. These are confirmed through the process of hypotheses testing.
    • Unverifiable Axioms. These are beliefs that are not directly testable against real world data. These are accepted on faith.
  • Political: The world view reflected in an economic theory is usually associated with a political philosophy.

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AD VALOREM TAX

A tax specified as a percentage of the price or value of a good, service, asset, or other activity. Ad valorem taxes tend to be broad based, imposed on activities such as income and retail sales. In fact, the two most important ad valorem taxes are income taxes and sales taxes. People pay a percentage of their incomes in income taxes or a percentage or the value of their purchases in sales taxes, regardless of the amount of time spent working or the quantities of goods purchases. An alternative is a per unit tax, with is a tax specified as a percentage of the physical quantity of a good.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time strolling through a department store looking to buy either a coffee cup commemorating the first day of winter or a video game player. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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Natural gas has no odor. The smell is added artificially so that leaks can be detected.
"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there."

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