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AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE DETERMINANTS: An assortment of ceteris paribus factors that affect aggregate expenditures, but which are assumed constant when the aggregate expenditure line is constructed. Changes in any of the aggregate expenditures determinants cause the aggregate expenditure line to shift. While a wide variety of specific ceteris paribus factors can cause the aggregate expenditure line to shift, it's usually most convenient to group them into the four, broad expenditure categories -- consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. The reason is that changes in these expenditures are the direct cause of shifts in the aggregate expenditure line. If any determinant affects aggregate expenditures it MUST affect one of these four expenditures.
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Lesson 3: Scarcity | Unit 1: The Concept
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Page: 1 of 17
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- Scarcity is the pervasive condition that exists because society has unlimited wants and needs, but limited resources used for their satisfaction.
Meaning:- We can't have everything because resources are limited.
Unlimited wants and needs are half of the scarcity problem.- Unlimited wants and needs are what motivate us to take action, to produce goods, and to advance our well-being.
- We are motivated to do things that satisfy these wants and needs. Satisfaction is achieved when wants and needs are fulfilled.
- Scarcity results because wants and needs are unlimited. No one has ever been completely satisfied. We always want more.
Limited resources are the other half of our scarcity problem. - Resources are the stuff that we use to produce the goods that fulfill our wants and needs.
- Resources are the things that make satisfaction possible.
- Resources are limited. We have only so much 'stuff' than can be used to produce the goods that satisfy our wants and needs.
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STABILIZATION POLICIES Economic policies undertaken by governments to counteract business-cycle fluctuations and prevent high rates of unemployment and inflation. The two most common stabilization policies are fiscal and monetary. Stabilization policies are also termed countercyclical policies, meaning that they attempt to "counter" the natural ups and downs of business "cycles." Expansionary policies are appropriate to reduce unemployment during a contraction and contractionary policies are aimed at reducing inflation during an expansion.
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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"Sometimes when you innovate, you make mistakes. It is best to admit them quickly and get on with improving your other innovations. " -- Steve Jobs, Apple Computer founder
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P&L Profit and Loss
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