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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST CURVE: A curve depicting the per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs are variable. The long-run average cost curve (usually abbreviated LRAC) can be derived in two ways. On is to plot long-run average cost, which is, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. at different output levels. The more common method, however, is as an envelope of an infinite number of short-run average total cost curves. Such an envelope is base on identifying the point on each short-run average total cost curve that provides the lowest possible average cost for each quantity of output. The long-run average cost curve is U-shaped, reflecting economies of scale (or increasing returns to scale) when negatively-sloped and diseconomies of scale (or decreasing returns to scale) when positively sloped. The minimum point (or range) on the LRAC curve is the minimum efficient scale.
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INVOLUNTARY EXCHANGE The process of unwillingly trading one valuable commodity (good, service, or resource) for another, usually prompted by the coercive powers of government. The key term is "unwillingly," which distinguishes involuntary exchanges from voluntary exchanges, such as those that are the foundation of market transactions.
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BLUE PLACIDOLA
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time driving to a factory outlet hoping to buy either a wall poster commemorating the moon landing or storage boxes for your winter clothes. Be on the lookout for pencil sharpeners with an attitude.
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Much of the $15 million used by the United States to finance the Louisiana Purchase from France was borrowed from European banks.
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"After climbing a great hill, one finds many more hills to climb. " -- Nelson Mandela, president of South Africa
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AACCLA
Association of American Chambers of Commerce in Latin America
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