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LAFFER CURVE: The graphical inverted-U relation between tax rates and total tax collections by government. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, the Laffer curve formed a key theoretical foundation for supply-side economics of President Reagan during the 1980s. It is based on the notion that government collects zero revenue if the tax rate is 0% and if the tax rate is 100%. At a 100% tax rate no one has the incentive to work, produce, and earn income, so there is no income to tax. As such, the optimum tax rate, in which government revenue is maximized, lies somewhere between 0% and 100%. This generates a curve shaped like and inverted U, rising from zero to a peak, then falling back to zero. If the economy is operating to the right of the peak, then government revenue can be increased by decreasing the tax rate. This was used to justify supply-side economic policies during the Reagan Administration, especially the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (Kemp-Roth Act).
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SUPPLY TO A FIRM The range of quantities of a factor that a firm is able to buy at a range of factor prices. Supply to a firm is a phrase that is most relevant to the study of factor markets, especially when contrasted with supply by a firm. Supply to a firm puts the firm on the buying side of the factor market. Supply by a firm puts the firm on the selling side of the factor market.
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Three-forths of the gold mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry.
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"When you play, play hard; when you work, don't play at all. " -- Theodore Roosevelt, 26th US president
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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