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PAR VALUE: The stated, or face, value of a legal claim or financial asset. For debt securities, such as corporate bonds or U. S. Treasury securities, this is amount to be repaid at the time of maturity. For equity securities, that is, corporate stocks, this is the initial value set up at the time it is issued. Par value, also called face value, is not necessarily, and often is not, equal to the current market price of the asset. A $10,000 U.S. Treasury note, for example, has a par value of $10,000, but might have a current market price of $9,950. The difference between par value and current price contributes to the yield or return on such assets. An asset is selling at a discount if the current price is less than the par value and is selling at a premium if the current price is more than the par value.

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Lesson 1: Economic Basics | Unit 4: Goals Page: 11 of 18

Topic: Economic Goals <=PAGE BACK | PAGE NEXT=>

The three macro goals are most important in the study of the macroeconomics:

  • Full employment: This is when all available resources (labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship) are used to produce goods and services. It enables more production that can reduce the scarcity problem.
  • Stability: This is avoiding or limiting fluctuations in production, employment, and prices. It reduces uncertainty of the future.
  • Growth: This is increasing the economy's ability to produce goods and services. It improves living standards and better addresses the scarcity problem.

The two micro goals are most important in the study of the microeconomics:

  • Efficiency: This is getting the highest amount of satisfaction from available resources. Efficiency is achieved when society cannot change the distribution of resources in any way that would increase the total amount of satisfaction obtained by society.
  • Equity: This is the fairness with which income or wealth is distributed within a society. Equity occurs when income or wealth is fairly distributed. But the standards of fairness differ and puts us into normative economics.

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ELASTIC

The general relation between two variables in which relatively small changes in one variable (A) cause relatively large changes in another variable (B). Small changes in variable A cause relatively large changes in variable B or the percentage change in variable B is larger than the percentage change in variable A. This characterization of elasticity is most important for the price elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of supply. Elastic is one of two general elasticity relations between two variables. The other is inelastic.

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