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PERFECT COMPETITION, LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS: The long-run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive industry generates six specific equilibrium conditions, including: (1) economic efficiency (P = MC), (2) profit maximization (MR = MC), (3) perfect competition (MR = AR = P), (4) breakeven output (P = AR = ATC), (5) minimum production cost (MC = ATC), and (6) minimum efficient scale (MC = ATC = LRAC = LRMC).

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Lesson 3: Scarcity | Unit 4: College Cost Page: 12 of 17

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An example of the opportunity cost of attending college.
  • Tuition, fees, textbooks, sliderule, etc. ($932.71 per semester) is an explicit opportunity cost.
  • The opportunity cost is all other things that you could have bought with this money-fuzzy dice, hot fudge sundaes, a used Ford Pinto, music CDs.
  • The tuition cost of your college degree is the added up over all semesters ($7,461,68).
However, the TOTAL COST actually goes well beyond this explicit $7,461,68 payment, since there are other costs that don't involve a money payment:
  • By attending school you have foregone alternative activities like working.
  • Unearned income, $15,000 per year, $60,000 for four years, is an extremely important implicit opportunity cost of a college education.
  • Implicit opportunity costs need not have a dollar value attached.
  • The foregone satisfaction from activities like watching television or sleeping, are also implicit opportunity costs.

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ASSUMPTIONS, KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS

The macroeconomic study of Keynesian economics relies on three key assumptions--rigid prices, effective demand, and savings-investment determinants. First, rigid or inflexible prices prevent some markets from achieving equilibrium in the short run. Second, effective demand means that consumption expenditures are based on actual income, not full employment or equilibrium income. Lastly, important savings and investment determinants include income, expectations, and other influences beyond the interest rate. These three assumptions imply that the economy can achieve a short-run equilibrium at less than full-employment production.

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BLACK DISMALAPOD
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time watching infomercials wanting to buy either a flower arrangement for that special day for your mother or a New York Yankees baseball cap. Be on the lookout for slightly overweight pizza delivery guys.
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Before 1933, the U.S. dime was legal as payment only in transactions of $10 or less.
"An idea is never given to you without you being given the power to make it reality."

-- Richard Bach, Author

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