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BARRIER TO ENTRY: An institutional, government, technological, or economic restriction on the entry of firms into a market or industry. The four primary barriers to entry are: resource ownership, patents and copyrights, government restrictions, and start-up costs. Barriers to entry are a key reason for market control and the inefficiency that this generates. In particular, monopoly, oligopoly, monopsony, and oligopsony often owe their market control to assorted barriers to entry. By way of contrast, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopsonistic competition have few if any barriers to entry and thus little or no market control.

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Lesson 7: Market Equilibrium | Unit 4: Adjustment Page: 16 of 22

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  • How competitive markets tend to be self-correcting because nonequilibrium prices create shortages and surpluses that move the price back to the equilibrium level.
  • How shortages, with quantity demanded greater then quantity supplied, are created for prices below the equilibrium level.
  • 3. Why a shortage causes price to increase back to the equilibrium level.
  • How surpluses, with quantity demanded less then quantity supplied, are created for prices above the equilibrium level.
  • Why a surplus causes price to decrease back to the equilibrium level.


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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST

The per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs under the control of the firm are variable. In other words, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. Long-run average cost is guided by returns to scale.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time watching the shopping channel hoping to buy either a pair of handcrafted oven mitts or a coffee table shaped like the state of Florida. Be on the lookout for malfunctioning pocket calculators.
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A half gallon milk jug holds about $50 in pennies.
"Sometimes our light goes out, but is blown into flame by another human being. Each of us owes deepest thanks to those who have rekindled this light. "

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