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GOVERNMENT SECURITY: A financial instrument used by the federal government to borrow money. Government securities are issued by the U.S. Treasury to cover the federal government's budget deficit. Much like consumers who borrow money from banks to finance the purchase of a house or car, the federal government borrows money to finance some of its expenditures. These securities include small denomination ($25, $50, or $100), nonnegotiable Series EE savings bonds purchased by consumers. The really serious money, however, is borrowed using larger denomination securities ($100,000 or more) purchased by banks, corporations, foreign governments, and others with large sums of money to lend.
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Intro |
Unit 2: Revenue |
Unit 3: Output |
Unit 4: Evaluation |
Unit 5: Regulation |
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Monopoly
While this lesson on monopoly is not necessarily a "how to" guide for the monopolization of a market, it does provide insight into the nature and function of the monopoly market structure. We get a little insight into how a monopoly is created, and a lot of insight into what a monopoly does once it does have control of the market. Throughout this lesson, I'll me making snide comments about how inefficient monopoly is compared to more competitive markets. - The first unit of this lesson, One Firm, begins this lesson with a look at the nature of monopoly and how it is related to other market structures.
- In the second unit, Revenue, we examine the revenue side of a market dominated by monopoly -- including total revenue, average revenue, and marginal revenue.
- The third unit, Output, then looks at the profit-maximizing output production decision by a monopoly using assorted graphs and tables.
- In the fourth unit, Evaluation, we analyze the profit-maximizing decision of monopoly in terms of profit, loss, efficiency, and short-run supply.
- The fifth and final unit, Regulation, then closes this lesson by considering the role government plays in regulating monopoly.
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ACCOUNTING COST An actual outlay or expenses incurred in the production of a good that shows up in a firm's accounting statements and records. Accounting cost is an explicit payment (that is, money changing hands) incurred by a firm. Accounting cost, while very important to accountants, company CEOs, shareholders, and the Internal Revenue Service, is only minimally important to economists. The reason is that economists are more interested in economic cost (also called opportunity cost), which is the value of foregone production.
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Three-forths of the gold mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry.
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"Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm." -- Sir Winston Churchill
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MRS Marginal Rate of Substitution
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