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AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE EQUATION: An equation indicating that aggregate expenditures (AE) are the sum of consumption expenditures (C), investment expenditures (I), government purchases (G), and net exports (X-M), stated as: AE = C + I + G + (X-M). This equation surfaces in the Keynesian economic income-expenditure model in the form of the aggregate expenditures line. However, it's also central throughout the study of macroeconomics, including aggregate demand and the measurement of gross domestic product.
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Adjustments |
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Unit 2: Determinants |
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Unit 3: Single Shifts |
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Unit 4: Double Shifts |
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Unit 5: Cause and Effect | |
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Market Shocks
Our goal in this lesson is to investigate disruptions of the market. Specifically, we want to use the market model previously developed, to examine the why and how of market shocks. What causes market shocks? How do markets react when shocked? If the truth be known, markets in the real world don't remain at the same locations for very long. They move. They adjust. Prices change. Quantities change. We can understand these real world market changes, by analyzing what happens to market model when it's shocked. - The first unit, Adjustments, lays the foundation for analyzing market shocks with an overview of the adjustment process and the role played by the ceteris paribus assumption.
- In the second unit, Determinants, we review the five determinants of demand and five determinants of supply that cause market disruptions.
- We then move into the actual adjustment process in the third unit, Single Shifts, examining four disruptions that involve a shift in either the demand or supply curve.
- The fourth unit, Double Shifts, builds on these four basic shifts to exam four complex shocks that have simultaneous shifts in both the demand and supply curves.
- We end this lesson in the fifth unit, Cause and Effect, by relating market shocks to the fundamental notion of cause and effect inherent in the study of economic science.
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TAXATION BASICS Taxes are mandatory payments from members of society to governments. The total tax revenue collected from a specific tax can be identified as the product of the tax rate times the tax base. The tax base can be specified as either a physical quantity or monetary value, giving rise to two types of tax per unit tax (quantity) and ad valorem tax (value). In some cases it is useful to specify a tax rate as an average tax rate and in other cases as a marginal tax rate.
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Junk bonds are so called because they have a better than 50% chance of default, carrying a Standard & Poor's rating of CC or lower.
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"Concentrate all your thoughts upon the work at hand. The sun's rays do not burn until brought to a focus." -- Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
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VAR
Vector Autoregression
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