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LRAC CURVE: The common abbreviation for the long-run average cost curve, which is a curve depicting the per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs are variable. The long-run average cost curve can be derived in two ways. On is to plot long-run average cost, which is, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. at different output levels. The more common method, however, is as an envelope of an infinite number of short-run average total cost curves. Such an envelope is base on identifying the point on each short-run average total cost curve that provides the lowest possible average cost for each quantity of output. The long-run average cost curve is U-shaped, reflecting economies of scale (or increasing returns to scale) when negatively-sloped and diseconomies of scale (or decreasing returns to scale) when positively sloped. The minimum point (or range) on the LRAC curve is the minimum efficient scale.

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: Adjustments
  • Overview
  • Three Questions
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: Determinants
  • Shifts
  • Demand
  • Supply
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: Single Shifts
  • More Demand
  • Less Demand
  • More Supply
  • Less Supply
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: Double Shifts
  • More Demand and More Supply
  • More Demand and Less Supply
  • Less Demand and Less Supply
  • Less Demand and More Supply
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Cause and Effect
  • Economic Science
  • Link Sequence
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Market Shocks

    Our goal in this lesson is to investigate disruptions of the market. Specifically, we want to use the market model previously developed, to examine the why and how of market shocks. What causes market shocks? How do markets react when shocked? If the truth be known, markets in the real world don't remain at the same locations for very long. They move. They adjust. Prices change. Quantities change. We can understand these real world market changes, by analyzing what happens to market model when it's shocked.

    • The first unit, Adjustments, lays the foundation for analyzing market shocks with an overview of the adjustment process and the role played by the ceteris paribus assumption.
    • In the second unit, Determinants, we review the five determinants of demand and five determinants of supply that cause market disruptions.
    • We then move into the actual adjustment process in the third unit, Single Shifts, examining four disruptions that involve a shift in either the demand or supply curve.
    • The fourth unit, Double Shifts, builds on these four basic shifts to exam four complex shocks that have simultaneous shifts in both the demand and supply curves.
    • We end this lesson in the fifth unit, Cause and Effect, by relating market shocks to the fundamental notion of cause and effect inherent in the study of economic science.

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    RISK PREFERENCES

    Three alternative views concerning the choice between a risky outcome and a certain outcome -- risk aversion, risk neutrality, and risk loving. Some people prefer to avoid risk (risk aversion), others enjoy engaging in risk (risk loving), and still others are indifferent (risk neutrality). Most people are risk averse, which underlies the provision of insurance. Others who are risk loving are more inclined to gamble, play the stock market, and be entrepreneurs.

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