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TOTAL FACTOR COST, PERFECT COMPETITION: The opportunity cost incurred by a perfectly competitive firm when using a given factor of production to produce a good or service. This is the total cost associated with the use of a particular resource or factor of production--it is the total cost of the factor. For a perfectly competitive firm, the price paid is constant and total factor cost increases at a constant rate. Total factor cost is predominately used in the analysis of the factor market. Two derivative factor cost measures are average factor cost and marginal factor cost.

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Lesson 20: Federal Reserve System | Unit 4: Monetary Policy Page: 18 of 20

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  • That monetary policy is controlling the money creation activity of the fractional-reserve banking system to control deposits and the money supply.
  • That expansionary monetary policy increases aggregate demand up to full employment and contractionary monetary policy decreases aggregate demand back to full employment.
  • The four tools of monetary policy: open market operations, discount rate, reserve requirements, and moral suasion.
  • How open market operations are used by the Fed to control the money supply.
  • That the discount rate is used by the Fed to signal the intentions of the open market operations.
  • That reserve requirements are the regulations the Fed uses to ensure banks keep enough reserves to back deposits.
  • That moral suasion is a policy in which the Fed requests that the banking system take some sort of action.

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AGGREGATE MARKET SHOCKS

Disruptions of the equilibrium in the aggregate market (or AS-AD model) caused by shifts of the aggregate demand, short-run aggregate supply, or long-run aggregate supply curves. Shocks of the aggregate market are associated with, and thus used to analyze, assorted macroeconomic phenomena such as business cycles, unemployment, inflation, stabilization policies, and economic growth. The specific analysis of aggregate market shocks identifies changes in the price level (GDP price deflator) and real production (real GDP). Changes in the price level and real production have direct implications for the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, national income, and a host of other macroeconomic measures.

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The first "Black Friday" on record, a friday marked by a major financial catastrophe, occurred on September 24, 1869 -- A FRIDAY -- when an attempted cornering of the gold market induced a financial crises and economy-wide depression.
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