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THIRD ESTATE: In past centuries, this included the peasants, serfs, or slaves who performed the dirty deeds for the ruling elite. In modern times, this is the workers, taxpayers, and consumers who have limited ownership of and control over resources usually nothing more than their own labor. The third estate, which forms the backbone of any modern economy, is usually at odds with the business leaders of the second estate. Help may come from the government leaders of the first estate or the journalist of the fourth estate--but don't count on it.

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Lesson 10: Gross Domestic Product | Unit 2: Looking Behind GDP Page: 7 of 25

Topic: Past and Future <=PAGE BACK | PAGE NEXT=>

Slice A includes market transactions that are NOT economic production, and are excluded from GDP.

Two activities in slice A:

  • Future production. Intermediate goods will become part of GDP in the future when production is finished. To avoid double counting, we exclude these market transactions.
  • Past production. Used items (cars, houses) produced before the start of our current time period. Because they are not current production and were included in GDP in a previous year, they are excluded from GDP

Slice A is excluded from GDP.


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FOUR-SECTOR INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL

A variation of the Keynesian injections-leakages model that adds the foreign sector to the three domestic sectors--the household sector, the business sector, and the government sector. This variation adds the foreign to the three domestic sectors (household, business, and government) in the three-sector model and provides an alternative to the four-sector aggregate expenditures (Keynesian cross). It provides the complete Keynesian representation of the macroeconomy, including the export-import interaction between the domestic economy and the foreign sector. Equilibrium is identified as the intersection between the S + T + M line and the I + G + X line. Two related variations are the two-sector injections-leakages model and the three-sector injections-leakages model.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time waiting for visits from door-to-door solicitors wanting to buy either a packet of address labels large enough for addresses of both the sender and the recipient or a key chain with a built-in flashlight and panic button. Be on the lookout for mail order catalogs with hidden messages.
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In his older years, Andrew Carnegie seldom carried money because he was offended by its sight and touch.
"If you worried about falling off the bike, you'd never get on. "

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