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INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL: A model used in Keynesian economics based on the equality of non-consumption expenditures (or injections) and non-consumption uses of income (leakages). On one side of the equality is saving, taxes, and imports -- the non-consumption leakages. On the other side of the equality is investment, government purchases, and exports -- the non-consumption injections. The injection-leakage model provides an alternative to the Keynesian cross for identifying equilibrium aggregate output.

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Lesson 7: Market Equilibrium | Unit 1: The Exchange Page: 5 of 22

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  • The concept of markets as voluntary trades among buyers and sellers that is used to address the scarcity problem.
  • Four key points about markets:
    • They combine demand and supply.
    • They trade goods, services, and resources.
    • They are voluntary.
    • They are analyzed over a give time period.
  • Examples of different markets, ranging from a formal, organized stock market to a less formal, less organized rummage sale.
  • The nature of market equilibrium as a balance of the forces of demand and supply.
  • How market equilibrium is indicated by the equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price.
  • The importance of competition to the efficient operation of markets and how the number of participants determines competition among buyers and sellers.


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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST

The per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs under the control of the firm are variable. In other words, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. Long-run average cost is guided by returns to scale.

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APLS

RED AGGRESSERINE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through mail order catalogs wanting to buy either an instructional DVD on learning to the play the oboe or a small, foam rubber football. Be on the lookout for rusty deck screws.
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Only 1% of the U.S. population paid income taxes when the income tax was established in 1914.
"Intense concentration hour after hour can bring out resources in people they didn't know they had. "

-- Edwin Land, inventor, entrepreneur

LRAC
Long Run Average Cost
A PEDestrian's Guide
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