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PATENT: The guaranteed ownership and control of an invention, innovation, or production technique by government for a period of time (currently 17 years). A patent gives the owner the exclusive rights to sell, market, license, or otherwise generate revenue from an invention, innovation, or production technique. Patents are designed to encourage inventions and other developments that promote technological advances. However, they are also an entry barrier and lead to market control.
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ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION Information is not equally available to everyone. Asymmetric information results because efficient information search inevitably stops short of compete information. Some people obtain more benefits from information than others, are willing to incur higher search costs, and thus end up knowing more. Or they incur lower information search costs and have easier access to the information. In a market, sellers tend to have more information about the good than buyers. Asymmetric information gives rise to adverse selection, moral hazard, and the principal-agent problem. These problems can be lessened through signalling and screening.
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The 22.6% decline in stock prices on October 19, 1987 was larger than the infamous 12.8% decline on October 29, 1929.
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"In the business world, everyone is paid in two coins: cash and experience. Take the experience first; the cash will come later. " -- Harold S. Green, MCI founder
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QR
Quantitative Restriction
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