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PARETO EFFICIENCY: A type of efficiency that results if one person can not be made better off without making someone else worse off. Named after Vilfredo Pareto, this criterion is the guiding theoretical notion of efficiency used in the study of economics, especially welfare economics. Pareto efficiency is generally not attained if some resources are idle or unemployed. By engaging idle resources in production, some people can have more production without reducing that available to others. A problem with Pareto efficiency, however, is that it is based on the existing distribution of income and wealth. This is one of two noted efficiency criteria used in economics. The other is Kaldor-Hicks efficiency.
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TAXATION BASICS Taxes are mandatory payments from members of society to governments. The total tax revenue collected from a specific tax can be identified as the product of the tax rate times the tax base. The tax base can be specified as either a physical quantity or monetary value, giving rise to two types of tax per unit tax (quantity) and ad valorem tax (value). In some cases it is useful to specify a tax rate as an average tax rate and in other cases as a marginal tax rate.
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WHITE GULLIBON
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the shopping mall looking to buy either storage boxes for your winter clothes or several magazines on time travel. Be on the lookout for small children selling products door-to-door.
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In his older years, Andrew Carnegie seldom carried money because he was offended by its sight and touch.
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"The man who does not read good books has no advantage over the man who cannot read them. " -- Mark Twain
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NYBID
New York Interbank Bid Rate
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