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ABSTRACTION: Simplifying the complexities of the real world by ignoring (hopefully) unimportant details while doing economic analysis. Abstraction is often criticized because it's, well, it's JUST NOT REALISTIC. However, when done correctly (ignoring things that JUST DON'T MATTER), then the pursuit of knowledge is greatly enhanced by abstraction. For example, when travelling cross country along a high-speed interstate highway, a paper road map is a handy tool. It shows towns and cities along the way, the major intersections, rest stop locations, and other important points of interest. However, it ignores unimportant details. It doesn't realistically show the location of every tree, bush, or blade of grass. Why bother? This information won't enhance your road trip.
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Lesson 4: Production Possibilities | Unit 5: Investment
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Page: 19 of 24
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Investment is the tradeoff between consumption goods used for current satisfaction and capital goods that expand future productive capabilities.- Investment is not just putting money into the stock market. Investment is giving up current satisfaction to obtain greater future production, usually seen as giving up consumption goods to produce capital goods.
- Education and human capital that increase the productive skills and ability of labor.
- Exploration for mineral or fossil fuel deposits that add to land resources.
- Scientific research that expands technology and resource quality.
- The downside of investment is risk. There is no guarantee that you'll get something tomorrow.
Let's consider this basic tradeoff between capital and consumption.- Capital and consumption are the two basic types of goods needed for investment. If we produce more calibrators (capital), then we give up some jogging shoes (consumption).
- This tradeoff IS the fundamental act of investment. In the graph to the right, if we move from bundle A to E to I, we are giving up jogging shoes and getting calibrators.
We are investing!
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EXCHANGE RATE POLICIES Policies undertaken by domestic governments often in conjunction with international financial organizations to control exchange rates through foreign exchange markets. The three most common exchange rate policies are flexible exchange rates, fixed exchange rates, and managed flexible exchange rates. Flexible exchange rates are allowed to adjust through unrestrained forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market. Fixed exchange rates are established at a given level. Managed flexible exchange rates are allowed to change within boundaries, but subject to control if they change too much.
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PURPLE SMARPHIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites hoping to buy either a coffee cup commemorating the 2000 Olympics or a birthday gift for your grandmother. Be on the lookout for florescent light bulbs that hum folk songs from the sixties.
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Sixty percent of big-firm executives said the cover letter is as important or more important than the resume itself when you're looking for a new job
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"God grants victory to perseverance. " -- Simon Bolivar, South American liberator
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ATC
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