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LAFFER CURVE: The graphical inverted-U relation between tax rates and total tax collections by government. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, the Laffer curve formed a key theoretical foundation for supply-side economics of President Reagan during the 1980s. It is based on the notion that government collects zero revenue if the tax rate is 0% and if the tax rate is 100%. At a 100% tax rate no one has the incentive to work, produce, and earn income, so there is no income to tax. As such, the optimum tax rate, in which government revenue is maximized, lies somewhere between 0% and 100%. This generates a curve shaped like and inverted U, rising from zero to a peak, then falling back to zero. If the economy is operating to the right of the peak, then government revenue can be increased by decreasing the tax rate. This was used to justify supply-side economic policies during the Reagan Administration, especially the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (Kemp-Roth Act).
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LONG-RUN INDUSTRY SUPPLY CURVE The relation between market price and the quantity supplied by all firms in a perfectly competitive industry after the industry has completed its long-run adjustment. The long-run industry supply curve effectively traces out a series of equilibrium prices and quantities that reflect long-run adjustments of a perfectly competitive industry to demand shocks. This long-run adjustment can take one of three paths, indicating an increasing-cost industry, a decreasing-cost industry, and a constant-cost industry.
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RED AGGRESSERINE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a flea market seeking to buy either a replacement battery for your pocket calculator or a how-to book on home remodeling. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from former employers.
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Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen were the 1st Nobel Prize winners in Economics in 1969.
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"Always dream and shoot higher than you know how to. Don't bother just to be better than your contemporaries or predecessors. Try to be better than yourself." -- William Faulkner, writer
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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