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TAX INCIDENCE: The ultimate payment of a tax. Many taxes are initially paid by one person, but passed along through production and consumption activities until it finally reaches someone else. An obvious example is the sales tax. While officially paid by the retail store (they write the check to the government), it's tacked on to the prices paid by consumers. Consumers, thus, bear the lion's share of most sales taxes. The incidence of other taxes is not quite so obvious. Some taxes are paid by producers early in production such as severance taxes on oil extraction without the knowledge of consumers, who end up paying through higher prices. As a general rule taxes are passed through the system until they reach someone (usually consumers) who can pass it no further.
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COMPETITION In general, the actions of two or more rivals in pursuit of the same objective. In an economic context, the specific objective pursued is usually either selling goods to buyers or buying goods from sellers.
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PURPLE SMARPHIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the downtown area wanting to buy either a remote controlled train set or a genuine down-filled snow parka. Be on the lookout for rusty deck screws.
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Much of the $15 million used by the United States to finance the Louisiana Purchase from France was borrowed from European banks.
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"My father used to say to me, „Whenever you get into a jam, whenever you get into a crisis or an emergency . . .become the calmest person in the room and you'll be able to figure your way out of it. " -- Rudolph Giuliani
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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