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ASSUMPTIONS, KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS: The macroeconomic study of Keynesian economics relies on three key assumptions--rigid prices, effective demand, and savings-investment determinants. First, rigid or inflexible prices prevent some markets from achieving equilibrium in the short run. Second, effective demand means that consumption expenditures are based on actual income, not full employment or equilibrium income. Lastly, important savings and investment determinants include income, expectations, and other influences beyond the interest rate. These three assumptions imply that the economy can achieve a short-run equilibrium at less than full-employment production.
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POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLES The notion that business cycles are caused by elected government leaders who manipulate the economy to achieve personal political goals, that is, to be re-elected and remain in office. The leaders stimulate the economy leading up to an election, creating a business-cycle expansion that ensures (they hope) re-election, they then induce a business-cycle contraction after the election to correct problems created by the pre-election stimulation. This explanation suggests that government is the source of business cycles are should not be allowed to implement discretionary stabilization policies.
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Before 1933, the U.S. dime was legal as payment only in transactions of $10 or less.
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"In a restless, creative business with an emphasis on experiment and development, ideas are the lifeblood." -- Richard Branson, Virgin Group founder
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GATT
General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade
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