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CLOSED SHOP: An employment arrangement, usually written into a collective bargaining agreement, in which a firm is allowed to hire only labor union members. Because this gives a labor union complete control over the labor services supplied to a particular firm, it was one of the earliest methods used by labor unions to monopolized a labor market. However, closed shops were outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act passed in 1947 and has been largely supplanted by union shops.
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U-SHAPED COST CURVES The family of short-run cost curves consisting of average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost, all of which have U-shapes. Each is U-shaped because it begins with relatively high but falling cost for small quantities of output, reaches a minimum value, then has rising cost at large quantities of output. Although the average fixed cost curve is not U-shaped, it is occasionally included with the other three just for sake of completeness.
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YELLOW CHIPPEROON [What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex wanting to buy either a weathervane with a chicken on top or a flower arrangement with daisies and carnations for your uncle. Be on the lookout for deranged pelicans. Your Complete Scope
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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"A leader is most successful when people barely know he exists. When his work is done, his aim fulfilled, his troops will feel they did it themselves. " -- Lao-Tzu, philosopher
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NSF National Science Foundation
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