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PRICE CONTROLS: Government intervention in markets in which legal restrictions are placed on the prices charged. The two basic types of price controls are price ceilings and price floors. Price ceilings are maximum prices set below the equilibrium price. Price floors are minimum prices set above the equilibrium price. Price controls imposed on an otherwise efficient and competitive market create imbalances (shortages or surpluses) which cause inefficiency. However, imposing price controls on a market that fails to achieve efficiency (due to market control, externalities, or imperfect information) can actual improve efficiency. Price controls have also be used economy-wide in an attempt to reduce inflation.
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Economies of scale result from increasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Economies of scale usually occur for relatively small levels of production and are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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RED AGGRESSERINE
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex trying to buy either a how-to book on wine tasting or a bookshelf that will fit in your closet. Be on the lookout for crowded shopping malls.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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Three-forths of the gold mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry.
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"I was always looking outside myself for strength and confidence, but it comes from within. It is there all the time. " -- Anna Freud, psychologist
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NNP
Net National Product
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