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PERFECT COMPETITION AND EFFICIENCY: Perfect competition is the idealized market structure that achieves an efficient allocation of resources. The conditions of perfect competition, including (1) large number of small firms, (2) identical products sold by all firms, (3) freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry, and (4) perfect knowledge of prices and technology, ensure that perfect competition efficiently allocates resources. This is in fact the purpose of perfect competition: a market structure that illustrates perfection, the best of all possible resource allocation worlds. The real world falls short of this perfection.
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YELLOW CHIPPEROON
Your compete MICRO*scope for today
You are the type of person who lives to shop, because that's all there is to life, really, that's it.... shop... life... the two are one and the same. Family and friends call you if they need to know the address, telephone number, or operating hours of any store in the city. Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for a downtown retail store seeking to buy either a rotisserie oven that can also toast bread or a flower arrangement in a coffee cup for your father. Be on the lookout for door-to-door salesmen. You should consider shopping at stores or businesses beginning with the letter Y, but do not buy any products with a serial number or product code containing the number 367205. Your preferred shopping venue is shopping malls. Your special symbol is the asterisk (*).
Is this You?
As a Yellow Chipperoon, you are happy, happy, happy. You enjoy everything about life and about shopping. You love shopping. You love buying. You love spending. You love to compare products and prices. You love the crowds. You love chatting with the store clerks. You love every bit of the buying process. Nothing dissuades you from having a good time shopping, whether you're buying a box of facial tissues or a new house. Does it get any better than spending an afternoon at the shopping mall? No way!
This isn't me! What am I?
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SHUTDOWN RULE A rule stating that a firm minimizes economic loss by producing no output in the short run if price is less than average variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds average total cost) and loss minimization (if price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost).
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On The Lookout For A RECESSIONOne pitfall facing any pedestrian who explores the intricate details of the economy is large potholes lurking along the path. LOOK OUT! You can probably expect a few bumps and bruises from abruptly introducing your face to the pavement. But, after the cast hardens and the gashes have been stitched, you can be on your way. A little more experienced, no doubt, but forging ahead in spite of it all. Our economy also steps into an occasional pothole in route to an expanding economic pie. Recession is the nifty term we use for this sort of economic pothole and it will be are our topic for the next few pages. OH NO! LOOK OUT!
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The portion of aggregate output U.S. citizens pay in taxes (30%) is less than the other six leading industrialized nations -- Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, or Japan.
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"Defeat is simply a signal to press onward." -- Helen Keller, lecturer, author
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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