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AGGREGATE MARKET EQUILIBRIUM: The state of equilibrium that exists in the aggregate market when real aggregate expenditures are equal to real production with no imbalances to induce changes in the price level or real production. In other words, the opposing forces of aggregate demand (the buyers) and aggregate supply (the sellers) exactly offset each other. The four macroeconomic sector (household, business, government, and foreign) buyers purchase all of the real production that they seek at the existing price level and business-sector producers sell all of the real production that they have at the existing price level. The aggregate market equilibrium actually comes in two forms: (1) long-run equilibrium, in which all three aggregated markets (product, financial, and resource) are in equilibrium and (2) short-run equilibrium, in which the product and financial markets are in equilibrium, but the resource markets are not.

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Lesson 10: Gross Domestic Product | Unit 3: Two Views of GDP Page: 14 of 25

Topic: Demand and Supply <=PAGE BACK | PAGE NEXT=>

GDP can be measured in two different ways.
  • Demand-side: In a market transaction, the buyer pays a price for a good or a service based on the value of the good. This indicates that the value of GDP can be measured from expenditures.
  • Supply-side: For seller's, the revenue received from selling a good is used to pay resources--the cost of production. This indicates that the value of GDP can be measured by the resource cost of production.
  • These two sides--expenditures and resources--give us two ways of measuring GDP.
  • Each can be used to check the other.

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INCREASING MARGINAL RETURNS

In the short-run production by a firm, an increase in the variable input results in an increase in the marginal product of the variable input. Increasing marginal returns typically surface when the first few quantities of a variable input are added to a fixed input. This is one of two alternatives for marginal returns. The other is decreasing marginal returns. A related phenomenon for long-run production is increasing returns to scale.

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