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INDIRECT BUSINESS TAXES: The official entry in the National Income and Product Accounts maintained by the Bureau of Economic Analysis for sales taxes. Indirect business taxes are one key difference between national income (the resource cost of production) and gross/net domestic product (the market value of production). For further discussion of this point, see gross domestic product and national income or net domestic product and national income. Indirect business taxes, abbreviated IBT, is generally less than 10% of gross domestic product (7-8% is common).
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Measuring Production |
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Unit 2: Looking Behind GDP |
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Unit 3: Two Views of GDP |
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Unit 4: Measuring Income |
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Unit 5: Issues | |
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Gross Domestic Product
This lesson investigates one of the most noted and important measures of macroeconomic activity -- gross domestic product (GDP). GDP measures the total production of goods and services that, in principle, are available to satisfy consumers wants and needs. We see the ins and outs of the GDP measure. As a bonus, we also get a close look at several related measures of production and income, including net domestic product (NDP), national income (NI), personal income (PI), and disposable income (PI). - In the first unit of this lesson, we take a look at the process of measuring gross domestic product, including what, in principle, is being measure.
- The second unit the turns to a detailed look at what IS included in GDP and what IS NOT included in the GDP based on the difference between market transactions and economic production.
- With the third unit we take a look at the two views of measuring GDP -- expenditures and resource costs.
- Moving on to the fourth unit, we get a look at the three related measures of income -- national income, personal income, and disposable income.
- And finally, the fifth unit considers a few issues related to measuring GDP, including what BDP does measure and what GDP doesn't measure.
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ASSUMPTIONS, CLASSICAL ECONOMICS Classical economics, especially as directed toward macroeconomics, relies on three key assumptions--flexible prices, Say's law, and saving-investment equality. Flexible prices ensure that markets adjust to equilibrium and eliminate shortages and surpluses. Say's law states that supply creates its own demand and means that enough income is generated by production to purchase the resulting production. The saving-investment equality ensures that any income leaked from consumption into saving is replaced by an equal amount of investment. Although of questionable realism, these three assumptions imply that the economy would operate at full employment.
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The first paper notes printed in the United States were in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cents, 25 cents, and 50 cents.
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"When you play, play hard; when you work, don't play at all. " -- Theodore Roosevelt, 26th US president
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APT
Arbitrage Pricing Theory
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