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IMPLICIT OPPORTUNITY COST: An opportunity cost that does NOT involve a money payment or a market transaction. This should be contrasted with explicit cost that DOES involve a money payment or a market transaction. The common misconception among non-economists out there in the real world is that the term "cost" is synonymous with the term "payment," that is, all costs are explicit costs, to be a cost you have to give up some money. Well, I'm here to tell you that this isn't true. Cost is opportunity cost. It's the satisfaction NOT received from activities NOT pursued. It's the value of foregone production. And not all opportunity costs involve a money payment.

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Lesson 19: Money Creation | Unit 3: Modern Banking Page: 15 of 23

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  • That modern banks practice fractional-reserve banking, which is the key to money creation.
  • That any reserves over those required to meet a given percentage are called excess reserves, which are used by banks to make loans, increase checkable deposits, and create money.
  • That when a bank receives a deposit, two things happen: the bank adds to vault cash, or reserves, and it adds to its liabilities, the customer's account.
  • That when a check is cleared reserves are transferred from one bank to another.
  • That when banks makes loans, they create deposits, and create money.
  • That the amount of checkable deposits created is a multiple of the amount of excess reserves obtained by the banking system.

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RULE OF CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM

A condition of consumer equilibrium and utility maximization stating that the marginal utility-price ratios for all goods are equal. This rule is a handy way of checking for consumer equilibrium and utility maximization. If the rule is not satisfied, then consumer equilibrium and utility maximization are not achieved.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time waiting for visits from door-to-door solicitors wanting to buy either a wall poster commemorating next Thursday or a pair of gray heavy duty boot socks. Be on the lookout for florescent light bulbs that hum folk songs from the sixties.
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More money is spent on gardening than on any other hobby.
"We succeed in enterprises (that) demand the positive qualities we possess, but we excel in those (that) can also make use of our defects."

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