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LOSS MINIMIZATION RULE: A rule stating that firm minimizes economic loss by producing output in the short run that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost if price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost. In the short run, a firm incurs total fixed cost whether or not it produces any output. As such, if the market price is falls below average total cost, it must decide if the economic loss from producing the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost is more or less than the economic loss incurred with shutting down production in the short run (which is equal to total fixed cost).

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SUBSTITUTE-IN-PRODUCTION: One of two goods that can replace each other in production--that is, using resources to produce one good prevents their use in the other. A substitute good is one of two alternatives falling within the other prices determinant of supply. The other is complement-in-production. An increase in the price of one substitute-in-production causes a decrease in supply of the other.

     See also | supply | other prices | production | supply curve | supply determinants | supply shock | comparative statics | substitute-in-consumption | elasticity |


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INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL

A macroeconomic model that balances non-consumption expenditures on production (injections) and non-consumption uses of income (leakages) that is used to identify the equilibrium level of, and analyze disruptions to, aggregate production and income. The injections-leakages model is based on the principles of Keynesian economics and provides an alternative to the standard aggregate expenditures (Keynesian cross) analysis. The three injections included in the model are investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports. The three leakages included in the model are saving, taxes, and imports. Three variations are the two-sector injections-leakages model (or saving-investment model), three-sector injections-leakages model, and four-sector injections-leakages model.

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