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A PRIORI: A presumption made before an analysis is undertaken, often based on experiences, beliefs, or deductions from seemingly self-evident propositions about how the world works. This is a Latin for assumption or axiom. A similar sounding, but opposite term is a posteriori, which is derived from observation or facts. For example, in the study of economics of crime you might assume, a priori, that people are basically "good", because that just seems to be part of human nature, and conclude, a posteriori, that people are more likely to commit crimes when the threat of capture and conviction is lower.
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                           45-DEGREE LINE: A line that shows equality between the variable measured on the vertical axis of a diagram and the variable measured on the horizontal axis. A 45-degree line is used both as a guideline that provides insight into the measured variables and as a critical part of the analysis. This line is perhaps most important in Keynesian economics. It is used in a diagram measuring consumption and income as a means of deriving saving---the difference between income and consumption. It is also used in the Keynesian model (or Keynesian cross) diagram measuring aggregate expenditures and aggregate production as a means of identifying equilibrium--the equality between aggregate expenditures and aggregate production. | 45-Degree Line |  |
The 45-degree line assists in the Keynesian economics evaluation and analysis of the macroeconomy. In general, a 45-degree line is so named because it forms a 45-degree angle with both the vertical or horizontal axes of a typical right-angle diagram. This is achieve because each point on the 45-degree line equates the variable measured on the vertical axis with the variable measured on the horizontal axis. Because the two variables are measured in the same units, the 45-degree line has a slope of one and it bisects the 90-degree angle formed by the vertical and horizontal axes.A typical 45-degree line is presented in the exhibit to the right. In this particular exhibit, expenditures (aggregate expenditures) are measured on the vertical axis and production (aggregate production) is measured on the horizontal axis. The 45-degree line then depicts each point in this diagram in which aggregate production (Y) is equal to aggregate expenditures (AE). For this reason, the 45-degree line is also labeled Y=AE. The two most common uses of the 45-degree line are the Keynesian model and the consumption line. - Keynesian Model: The most important use of the 45-degree is the Keynesian model, which identifies equilibrium equality between aggregate expenditures and aggregate production. In particular, the intersection between the 45-degree line and the aggregate expenditures line indicates the equilibrium level of aggregate production.
- Consumption Line: The 45-degree line is also used as a guide for working with the consumption line. Because the 45-degree line has a slope of one, it serves to highlight that the slope of the consumption line is less that one. Moreover, because the 45-degree in this diagram shows the equality between consumption and income, it can be used to easily identify saving as the vertical difference between the consumption line an the 45-degree line.
Recommended Citation:45-DEGREE LINE, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: January 24, 2025].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time lost in your local discount super center trying to buy either a how-to book on wine tasting or a bookshelf that will fit in your closet. Be on the lookout for empty parking spaces that appear to be near the entrance to a store.
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