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KALDOR-HICKS EFFICIENCY: A type of efficiency that results if the monetary value of society's resources are maximized. This is achieved if the marginal willingness to pay by those who benefit from an action is equal to the marginal willingness to accept of those harmed. If this condition is not achieved, then a Kaldor-Hicks improvement is possible. Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, named after Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, is the theoretical basis of benefit-cost analysis, a technique commonly used to evaluate the desirability of producing public goods (such as parks, highways, or reservoirs). This is one of two noted efficiency criteria used in economics. The other is Pareto efficiency.

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KEYNESIAN DISEQUILIBRIUM:

The state of the Keynesian model in which aggregate expenditures are not equal to aggregate production, which results in an imbalance that induces a change in aggregate production. In other words, the opposing forces of aggregate expenditures (the buyers) and aggregate production (the sellers) are out of balance. At the existing level of aggregate production, either the four macroeconomic sectors (household, business, government, and foreign) are unable to purchase all of the production that they seek or producers are unable to sell all of the production that they have.
Disequilibrium in Keynesian economics, strictly speaking, means that an overall imbalance exists in the product markets of the macroeconomy. Other macroeconomic markets, especially financial and resource, may or may not be in balance. The imbalance between aggregate expenditures and aggregate production induces a change in business inventories.
  • If aggregate expenditures are less than aggregate production, then business inventories increase.

  • If aggregate expenditures are greater than aggregate production, then business inventories decrease.

Two Aggregate Forces

The two opposing forces that achieve equilibrium in the Keynesian model of macroeconomics are aggregate production and aggregate expenditures.
  • Aggregate Production: The first half of the balance is aggregate production, the total quantity of final goods and services produced in the economy. This total or aggregate production is most commonly measured by gross domestic product.

  • Aggregate Expenditures: The other half of the equilibrium balance is aggregate expenditures, the combined expenditures on final goods and services undertaken by the four macroeconomic sectors (household, business, government, and foreign). The four aggregate expenditures (and their common abbreviation) are: consumption expenditures (C), investment expenditures (I), government purchases (G), and net exports (X - M). Aggregate expenditures are commonly represented by an simple equation:
    AE=C+I+G+(X-M)

An Intersecting Equilibrium

Equilibrium
Equilibrium
As a point of comparison, let's first consider equilibrium in the Keynesian model, which can be accomplished using the exhibit to the right. Equilibrium is achieved at the intersection of the 45-degree line and the aggregate expenditures line. Click the [Equilibrium] button to identify this point and corresponding aggregate production.

Equilibrium is achieved with $12 trillion of aggregate production. At this level, aggregate expenditures are also $12 trillion. Only at $12 trillion are aggregate expenditures equal to aggregate production. At every other production level, aggregate expenditures are either greater than or less than aggregate production.

Out of Balance

Once the Keynesian model achieves equilibrium it remains in equilibrium. But what happens if the level of aggregate production does not achieve equilibrium? What if aggregate production is less than or greater than that needed for equilibrium? Fortunately, the Keynesian model has a stable equilibrium. That is, should the model not be in equilibrium it moves toward equilibrium.

Disequilibrium in the Keynesian model results when aggregate expenditures are not equal to aggregate production. More specifically, this is an aggregate production level that does not coincide with the intersection of the aggregate expenditures line and the 45-degree line.

Disequilibrium
Disequilibrium

A graphical analysis of disequilibrium is in order. The exhibit to the right displays equilibrium in the Keynesian model. Aggregate production is $12 trillion at the intersection of the aggregate expenditures line and the 45-degree line. If aggregate production is greater than or less than $12 trillion, we have disequilibrium. Let's consider each alternative.

  • Greater Than $12 Trillion: Suppose aggregate production is $18 trillion. Click the [$18 Trillion] button to highlight this alternative. At $18 trillion, the aggregate expenditures line lies beneath the 45-degree line and aggregate expenditures are $16.5 trillion, less than aggregate production.

    The difference between aggregate expenditures and aggregate production means that economy-wide production surpluses exist. Economy-wide surpluses result in unplanned increases in inventories because the business sector sells less output than current production. The $1.5 trillion vertical distance between the aggregate expenditures line and the 45-degree line indicates the increase in business inventories.

    The build-up of inventories motivates the business sector to reduce aggregate production. The decrease in aggregate production then moves the economy to the $12 trillion equilibrium level. In the course of this adjustment, aggregate expenditures decline from $16.5 trillion to $12 trillion.


  • Less Than $12 Trillion: Now suppose aggregate production is $6 trillion. Click the [$6 Trillion] button to highlight this alternative. At $6 trillion, the aggregate expenditures line lies above the 45-degree line and aggregate expenditures are $7.5 trillion, greater than aggregate production.

    The difference between aggregate expenditures and aggregate production means that economy-wide production shortages exist. Economy-wide shortages result in unplanned decreases in inventories because the business sector sells more output than current production. The $1.5 trillion vertical distance between the aggregate expenditures line and the 45-degree line indicates the decrease in business inventories.

    The reduction of inventories motivates the business sector to increase aggregate production. The increase in aggregate production then moves the economy to the $12 trillion equilibrium level. In the course of this adjustment, aggregate expenditures rise from $7.5 trillion to $12 trillion.

Changes in business inventories play a key role in the adjustment to equilibrium by signalling the business sector to increase or decrease aggregate production. For this reason, those who track the ups and downs of business cycles tend to keep a close eye on business inventories. A sudden and unexpected drop is a likely sign of an expansion of the economy. A sudden and unexpected rise is a likely sign of a contraction.

<= KEYNESIAN CROSSKEYNESIAN ECONOMICS =>


Recommended Citation:

KEYNESIAN DISEQUILIBRIUM, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2024. [Accessed: December 6, 2024].


Check Out These Related Terms...

     | Keynesian model | Keynesian equilibrium | two-sector Keynesian model | three-sector Keynesian model | four-sector Keynesian model | recessionary gap, Keynesian model | inflationary gap, Keynesian model | injections-leakages model | multiplier | fiscal policy |


Or For A Little Background...

     | equilibrium | market disequilibrium | Keynesian economics | Keynesian cross | aggregate expenditures | aggregate expenditures line | 45-degree line | gross domestic product | macroeconomic sectors | macroeconomic markets |


And For Further Study...

     | change in private inventories | expansionary fiscal policy | contractionary fiscal policy | automatic stabilizers | injections | leakages | Keynesian cross and aggregate market | expenditures multiplier | accelerator principle | paradox of thrift | aggregate market analysis | business cycles | disequilibrium, aggregate market |


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