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March 19, 2024 

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FIRST ESTATE: In past centuries, this included the religious leaders and clergy. In modern times, I like to use it in reference to politicians and government leaders who can exert a great deal of control over resources through the coercive powers of government. One historical function of the first estate is to protect the less powerful consumers, taxpayers, and workers of the third estate from the market control typically held by the business leaders of the second estate. It is not uncommon, however, for an unhealthy degree of cooperation between the first and second estates, which often ends up with the enslavement of the third estate (figuratively and literally). At times help is forthcoming from the watchdog journalist of the fourth estate--unless they too have been overtaken by the ruling elite.

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: The Set Up
  • Demand Review
  • Bring On Utility
  • Choices
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: A Simple Choice
  • One Good
  • Demand For A Good
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: Complex Choices
  • Two Goods
  • How Much Of Each?
  • A Short Cut?
  • Income And Prices
  • Rule Of Consumer Equilibrium
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: On To Demand
  • A Generalized Choice
  • A Price Change
  • Marginal Utility Curve
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Beyond Demand
  • Many Choices
  • Demand Elasticity
  • Market Supply
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Utility and Demand

    This lesson undertakes a detailed investigation into the decision-making process underlying the purchase of goods and services. Doing so provides a behind-the-scenes examination of market demand, offering an explanation for the inverse relation between demand price and quantity demanded that is the law of demand.

    • The first unit of this lesson, The Set Up, begins with a review of the market demand and consumer demand theory.
    • In the second unit, A Simple Choice, we examine the decision-making process for purchasing a single good.
    • The third unit, Complex Choices, then complicates matters slightly by adding a second good into the decision making mix.
    • The fourth unit, On To Demand, presents the rule of consumer equilibrium that captures the essence of this decision-making process and how it helps explain the law of demand.
    • The fifth unit and final unit, Beyond Demand, explores how consumer demand theory provides insight to noneconomic choices, demand elasticity, and market supply.

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    COMPLEMENT-IN-CONSUMPTION

    One of two (or more) goods that provide satisfaction of a want or need when consumed together. A complement-in-consumption is one of two alternatives falling within the other prices determinant of demand. The other is a substitute-in-consumption. An increase in the price of one complement good causes a decrease in demand for the other. A complement-in-consumption has a negative cross elasticity of demand.

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    APLS

    BEIGE MUNDORTLE
    [What's This?]

    Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching the newspaper want ads looking to buy either a lighted magnifying glass or a small, foam rubber football. Be on the lookout for empty parking spaces that appear to be near the entrance to a store.
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    The 1909 Lincoln penny was the first U.S. coin with the likeness of a U.S. President.
    "Look at the abundance all around you as you go about your daily business. You have as much right to this abundance as any other living creature. It's yours for the asking."

    -- Earl Nightingale

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