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ZERO-SUM GAME: A situation in which a fixed amount is divided up among the winners and losers. In a zero-sum game the wins equal the losses. Many stock market, or financial market, exchanges are zero-sum. One person buys low and sells high, while another buys high and sells low. The wealth in such transactions are merely transferred from one person to another. "Productive" market transactions, in contrast, are not zero-sum. The act of producing goods and services from resources that are consumed to satisfy wants and needs results in a net gain to society.

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Lesson 11: Circular Flow | Unit 3: Government Page: 15 of 22

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  • The role the government sector plays in the economy and the circular flow through taxes and spending.
  • How taxes divert household sector income to the government sector to pay for government purchases.
  • That with the government sector included, the circular flow highlights the three basic uses of national income: consumption, saving, and taxes.
  • Why government spending is divided into government purchases of GDP and transfer payments.
  • Why the circular flow is interested in the net tax flow (taxes minus transfer payments) from households to government.
  • When government does not collect enough taxes to pay for purchases, it can borrow through the financial markets.
  • The Federal deficit, which is the borrowing by the federal government to make up the difference between taxes and spending.
  • That federal borrowing is combined with state and local borrowing (or saving) for total government borrowing.
  • Why the government sector diverts part of the circular flow, but does not necessarily change the total amount of GDP.

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OVEREMPLOYMENT

The condition in which resources are more actively engaged in the production of goods and services than they are willing and able to at current prices. This condition is most important for short-run macroeconomic activity and short-run aggregate market analysis. In particular, overemployment is a key reason for the positive slope of the short-run aggregate supply curve. Overemployment is a primary reason the macroeconomy is able to produce MORE than full-employment production in the short run.

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