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ACCOUNTING COST: The actual outlays or expenses incurred in production that shows up a firm's accounting statements or records. Accounting costs, while very important to accountants, company CEOs, shareholders, and the Internal Revenue Service, is only minimally important to economists. The reason is that economists are primarily interested in economic cost (also called opportunity cost). That fact is that accounting costs and economic costs aren't always the same. An opportunity or economic cost is the value of foregone production. Some economic costs, actually a lot of economic opportunity costs, never show up as accounting costs. Moreover, some accounting costs, while legal, bonified payments by a firm, are not associated with any sort of opportunity cost.

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Lesson 8: Market Shocks | Unit 2: Determinants Page: 6 of 20

Topic: Supply <=PAGE BACK | PAGE NEXT=>

Five basic supply determinants:
  • Resource prices: Higher prices of inputs such as labor, land, and raw material, decrease supply.
  • Technology: Improved technology means an increase in supply.
  • Prices of other goods: An increase in the price of a substitute-in-production, decreases supply. An increase in the price of a complement-in-production, increases supply.
  • Seller's expectations: If sellers expect higher prices tomorrow, they decrease supply today.
  • Number of sellers: More sellers mean more supply.

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VALUE IN EXCHANGE

The ability to trade an item or asset, especially money, for other goods and services that can then be used to satisfy wants and needs. Value in exchange means that value (that is, satisfaction) is obtained indirectly through the acquisition of something else. For an item to have value in exchange it need NOT have value in use, value obtained directly from the consumption of a good or service.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching the newspaper want ads seeking to buy either a genuine down-filled comforter or a 200-foot blue garden hose. Be on the lookout for poorly written technical manuals.
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The 22.6% decline in stock prices on October 19, 1987 was larger than the infamous 12.8% decline on October 29, 1929.
"Good judgment comes from experience, and often experience comes from bad judgment."

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