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VERTICAL INTEGRATION: The situation in which a firm participates in more than one successive stage of the production or distribution process. For example a soft drink company that also controls a sugar-producing firm is said to be vertically integrated because the soft drink company does not have to buy sugar from other firms to produce soft drinks. In some cases, two separate firms are vertically integrate because one firm produces a good or service and the other distributes it.

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: Adjustments
  • Overview
  • Three Questions
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: Determinants
  • Shifts
  • Demand
  • Supply
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: Single Shifts
  • More Demand
  • Less Demand
  • More Supply
  • Less Supply
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: Double Shifts
  • More Demand and More Supply
  • More Demand and Less Supply
  • Less Demand and Less Supply
  • Less Demand and More Supply
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Cause and Effect
  • Economic Science
  • Link Sequence
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Market Shocks

    Our goal in this lesson is to investigate disruptions of the market. Specifically, we want to use the market model previously developed, to examine the why and how of market shocks. What causes market shocks? How to markets react when shocked? These are just a few of the questions we want to consider. If the truth be known, markets in the real world don't remain at the same locations for very long. They move. They adjust. Prices change. Quantities change. We can understand these real world market changes, by analyzing what happens to market model when it's shocked.

    • The first unit of this lesson lays the foundation of analyzing market shorts with an overview of the adjustment process and the particular role played by the ceteris paribus assumption.
    • In the second unit, we review the five determinants of demand and five determinants of supply, because these are the are what cause market disruptions.
    • We then move into the actual adjustment process in the third unit, examining the four basic disruptions involving a shift in either the demand or supply curve.
    • The fourth unit builds on these four basic shifts to exam four complex shifts that have simultaneous shifts in both the demand and supply curves.
    • We end this lesson in the fifth unit by relating these market shocks to the fundamental notion of cause and effect inherent in the study of economic science.

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    ACCOUNTING COST

    An actual outlay or expenses incurred in the production of a good that shows up in a firm's accounting statements and records. Accounting cost is an explicit payment (that is, money changing hands) incurred by a firm. Accounting cost, while very important to accountants, company CEOs, shareholders, and the Internal Revenue Service, is only minimally important to economists. The reason is that economists are more interested in economic cost (also called opportunity cost), which is the value of foregone production.

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    During the American Revolution, the price of corn rose 10,000 percent, the price of wheat 14,000 percent, the price of flour 15,000 percent, and the price of beef 33,000 percent.
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