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SIMPLE EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIER: The ratio of the change in aggregate output (or gross domestic product) to an autonomous change in an aggregate expenditure (consumption expenditures, investment expenditures, government purchases, or net exports) when consumption is the only induced expenditure. This is the least complicated expenditure multiplier possible, based exclusively on induced consumption, and is the inverse of the marginal propensity to save. This simple multiplier becomes more complicated by adding other induced expenditures.

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: Basic Flow
  • Overview
  • Four Sectors
  • Three Markets
  • The Physical Flow
  • The Payment Flow
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: Financial Markets
  • The Paper Economy
  • Saving
  • Investment
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: Government
  • What It Does
  • Taxes
  • Government Purchases
  • Government Borrowing
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: Foreign
  • Foreign Trade
  • Exports and Imports
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Real World
  • Expenditures
  • Production And Income
  • Investment
  • Government Spending
  • Saving
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Circular Flow

    This lesson introduces the circular flow model of the macroeconomy. The circular flow is a simple model based on the buying and selling relation between the household and business sectors which occurs through the product and factor markets. As a bonus, we complicate the simply circular flow model, by including the government and foreign sectors, and the financial markets. This lesson introduces several important macroeconomic concept, but more importantly, provides a useful model for interpreting macroeconomic activity.

    • In the first unit, we get an introduction to the simplest circular flow model that includes the household and business sectors and the product and factor markets.
    • The second unit builds on the simple model by introducing the financial markets, which highlights the importance of household saving and business investment.
    • The circular flow is expanding further in the third unit, with the introduction of the government sector, which highlights how taxes are diverted away from the household sector.
    • The fourth unit adds one more sector to the circular flow model, the foreign sector, which illustrates the roles played exports and imports.
    • The fifth unit wraps up this lesson by showing how several key measures of production and income revealed in the analysis of gross domestic production related to the circular flow.

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    MARGINAL RETURNS

    The change in the quantity of total product resulting from a unit change in a variable input, holding all other inputs fixed. Marginal returns is an older and more generic term for marginal product. While marginal product has largely replaced marginal returns in most discussions of short-run production, the phrase does persist in a few terms like the law of diminishing marginal returns.

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