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February 12, 2026 

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AD: The abbreviation for aggregate demand, which is the total (or aggregate) real expenditures on final goods and services produced in the domestic economy that buyers would willing and able to make at different price levels, during a given time period (usually a year). Aggregate demand (AD) is one half of the aggregate market analysis; the other half is aggregate supply. Aggregate demand, relates the economy's price level, measured by the GDP price deflator, and aggregate expenditures on domestic production, measured by real gross domestic product. The aggregate expenditures are consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports made by the four macroeconomic sectors (household, business, government, and foreign).

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PRICE-COST MARGIN: The difference between price (p) and marginal cost (mc) as a fraction of price, that is [p-mc]/p. The price-cost margin is usually taken as an indicator of market power because the larger the margin, the larger the difference between price and marginal cost, that is, the larger the distance between the price and the competitive price. The price-cost margin depends on the elasticity of demand. The price-cost margin is also called the Lerner index of market power.

     See also | market power | monopoly | price | competitive market | price maker | price leadership | marginal-cost pricing | Lerner index |


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MICROECONOMIC GOALS

Two conditions of the mixed economy that are most important for microeconomics, including efficiency, and equity, that are generally desired by society and pursued by governments through economic policies.

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