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SHUTDOWN RULE: A rule stating that firm minimizes economic loss by producing no output in the short run if price is less than average variable cost. In the short run, a firm incurs total fixed cost whether or not it produces any output. As such, if the market price is falls below average total cost, it must decide if the economic loss from producing the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost is more or less than the economic loss incurred with shutting down production in the short run (which is equal to total fixed cost).

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WANTS AND NEEDS: These are the unfulfilled desires that motivate human behavior and that when satisfied improve human well-being. They include both physiological or biological requirements for maintaining life (needs) and the psychological desires which make life more enjoyable (wants). However, when push comes to shove, and the nitty gets down to the gritty, it matters very little to markets if people need goods or want goods, so long as they are motivated to buy the goods to satisfy wants and needs.

     See also | wants | satisfaction | unlimited wants and needs | scarcity | limited resources |


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MARGINAL PROPENSITY FOR GOVERNMENT PURCHASES

The change in government purchases induced by a change in income or production (national income or gross domestic product). The marginal propensity for government purchases (abbreviated MPG) is another term for the slope of the government purchases line and is calculated as the change in government purchases divided by the change in income or production. The MPG plays a role in Keynesian economics. It augments the slope of the aggregate expenditures line and is part of the multiplier process. A related marginal measure is the marginal propensity to consume.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for a specialty store seeking to buy either a coffee cup commemorating the 2000 Olympics or a birthday gift for your grandmother. Be on the lookout for cardboard boxes.
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A communal society, a prime component of Karl Marx's communist philosophy, was advocated by the Greek philosophy Plato.
"Act well at the moment, and you have performed a good action for all eternity."

-- Johann Kaspar Lavater

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