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A PRIORI: A presumption made before an analysis is undertaken, often based on experiences, beliefs, or deductions from seemingly self-evident propositions about how the world works. This is a Latin for assumption or axiom. A similar sounding, but opposite term is a posteriori, which is derived from observation or facts. For example, in the study of economics of crime you might assume, a priori, that people are basically "good", because that just seems to be part of human nature, and conclude, a posteriori, that people are more likely to commit crimes when the threat of capture and conviction is lower.

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NEAR MONIES:

Relatively liquid financial assets that are not used as the medium of exchange, but which can be quickly and easily converted to money with little or no loss of value. One group of near monies, best thought of as household savings, are added to M1 to obtain M2 and another group of near monies, best thought of as short-term institutional investments, are added to M2 to obtain M3.
Near monies are financial assets that are almost money, but not completely. These assets are easily "cashed in" and converted to either currency or checkable deposits. Near monies are important components in the progressive derivation of the monetary aggregates M2 and M3.

Near Monies
June 2004 (Billions)

ComponentAmount

Savings Near Monies$4,957.5
Savings Deposits
and Money Market Deposits
3,408.3
Small Denomination
Time Deposits
792.2
Money Market
Mutual Funds
757.0

Institutional Investment
Near Monies
3,000.3
Institutional Money
Market Mutual Funds
1,112.2
Large-Denomination
Time Deposits
1,014.3
Repurchase Agreements535.8
Eurodollars338.0

Near monies come in two varieties that reflect the relative degree of liquidity and the use of the financial asset.

  • Savings Near Monies: These near monies are the most liquid nonmoney assets available. They are easily and quickly converted to currency and checkable deposits. Saving near monies, as the name suggests, are primary used by the household sector as savings. Households use of these near monies as a place to "store" future spending, to earn a little interest, but primarily to maintain liquidity. The four types of savings near monies added to M1 to obtain M2 are savings deposits, money market deposits, certificates of deposit, and money market mutual funds.

  • Institution Investment Near Monies: These near monies are extremely liquid, but not quite as liquid as the savings near monies. Institutional investment near monies are used by businesses, banks, and other organizations as short-term investments. Institutions use these near monies as short-term investments, which generate and interest rate, but which also maintain a fair amount of liquidity. The investors want quick, easy access to the funds, but they still want to earn some interest. The four types of institutional investment near monies added to M2 to obtain M3 are institutional money market mutual refunds, large-denomination certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements, and Eurodollars.
Recent values for each of the near monies are presented in the exhibit to the right.

Savings Near Monies

Savings near monies are added to M1 to calculate M2. The four types of savings near monies are: (1) savings deposits, (2) money market deposits, (3) certificates of deposit, and (4) money market mutual funds.
  • Savings Deposits: These are bank deposits held in standard, interest-paying savings accounts at traditional commercial banks and other depository thrift institutions (credit unions, savings and loan associations, and mutual savings banks). The interest rates paid on savings deposits are generally less than other banks accounts. These deposits are easily and quickly withdrawn as cash or transferred into checking accounts, making them among the most liquid nonmoney deposits available.

  • Money Market Deposits: These are bank deposits in accounts that pay higher interest rates than savings accounts and which have limited check writing capability. While checks written on these accounts work just like standard checks, check writing is usually limited to a few checks per month (say 3 to 5) and/or a minimum amount per check (say $250 per check).

  • Certificates of Deposit: These are bank deposits in accounts that pay higher interest rates than savings accounts but with restrictions on the minimum amount of the deposit and the length of time before the deposit can be withdrawn. Originally the depositor received an actual certificate (a piece of paper) specifying the terms of the deposit, length of time and interest rate paid. Now, like other accounts, this information is stored in an electronic database.

  • Money Market Mutual Funds: These are deposits with nonbank mutual fund companies that are similar to money market bank deposits. They also pay higher interest rates than savings accounts and have limited check writing options. Money market mutual funds used for individual retirement accounts (IRA) or Keough accounts are not included.
All of these near monies are extremely liquid and flow easily between bank checking accounts and currency. The near monies added to M1 to obtain M2 are small denomination and are commonly used by households and consumers to stockpile saving. Savings deposits, money market deposits, and certificates of deposit are less than $100,000.

Institution Investment Near Monies

Institutional investment near monies are added to M2 to calculate M3. The four types of institutional investment near monies are: (1) institutional money market mutual funds, (2) large-denomination certificates of deposit, (3) repurchase agreements, and (4) Eurodollars.
  • Institutional Money Market Mutual Funds: These are deposits with nonbank mutual fund companies that are typically owned by institutions (rather than consumers). More specifically they are money market mutual funds with a minimum initial deposit of $50,000.

  • Large-Denomination Certificates of Deposit: These are certificates of deposits issued by banks with a minimum deposit of $100,000. Such certificates of deposits also tend to be owned by businesses and other institutions, rather than consumers.

  • Repurchase Agreements: These are short-term transactions in which a financial asset is sold, then automatically repurchased after a specified time (often overnight). The difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the interest payment on this short-term loan. Overnight repurchase agreements are commonly used by banks to generate interest on business checking accounts (which cannot legally receive interest payments).

  • Eurodollars: In general, these are deposits in one bank that are designated in the currency of a foreign bank. The "Eurodollar" term arose because these deposits were originally in European banks and denominated in U.S. dollars. In particular, the Eurodollar deposits included in M3 are those held by U.S. residents at banks Britain and Canada.

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Recommended Citation:

NEAR MONIES, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2024. [Accessed: March 29, 2024].


Check Out These Related Terms...

     | monetary aggregates | M1 | M2 | M3 | L | savings deposits | money market deposits | money market mutual funds | certificates of deposit | currency | checkable deposits | repurchase agreements | Eurodollars | plastic money |


Or For A Little Background...

     | money | money functions | money characteristics | fiat money | commodity money | medium of exchange | liquidity | savings | investment |


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