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NORMATIVE ECONOMICS: The branch of economics that states the way the economy should operate. A normative statement is based on values and can be proved neither right or wrong. While positive economics seeks to explain the way it is, normative economics, the policy side of economics, seeks to prescribe the way it should be. Normative economics is used to recommend ways to change the world, to improve it, and to make it a better place for both man and beast.
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                           PROCESS INNOVATION: An innovation that is an improvement in an existing product, technology, or idea or an improvement in the way a product, technology, or idea is produced. The contrast is with a product innovation, which is an innovation of a new product, technology, or idea that generates a beneficial improvement in society and the economy; one that is fundamentally different from existing products, technologies, or ideas. A process innovation is a (usually) moderate alteration of an existing is good, service, production technique, idea, concept, scientific theory, law, business, cultural norm, social organization, or government agency. This includes both an improvement in the good itself or how the good is produced. The "product" that is subject to the innovation need not be a tangible "good" that is exchanged through a market, but includes a wide range of "things" that affect the structure of society and the economy.A related concept is product innovation, which is the process of developing and making available a new product that is substantially different from, and an improvement over, what currently exists. The line between product and process innovation is not always clear cut. In some cases an existing product can experience so many process innovations that it actually becomes a new product. Process innovations range far and wide, affecting all aspects of economic production and society. One example is the introduction of automation in the manufacturing process. The same good is produced, it's merely done so in an improved, more efficient manner. Another example is increasing the processing speed and memory capacity of a personal computer. It's still a personal computer, just better and faster. Television offers an interesting example of a good subject to so many process innovations that it effectively becomes a new product. It began with the simple audio transmission over AM frequencies, a simple radio. The addition of FM frequencies, the transmission of pictures, the addition of more tubes, then presto, the result is television. The overlap between process and product innovations goes even deeper. Modifying automobile production with the addition of automated machinery, for example, is a process innovation. However, the automated machinery itself may in fact be a product innovation.
Recommended Citation:PROCESS INNOVATION, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2021. [Accessed: September 20, 2021].
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BROWN PRAGMATOX
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through the yellow pages wanting to buy either a wall poster commemorating the first day of spring or a lazy Susan for you dining room table. Be on the lookout for rusty deck screws.
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North Carolina supplied all the domestic gold coined for currency by the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia until 1828.
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"No amount of business school training or work experience can teach what is ultimately a matter of personal character. " -- Truett Cathy, Chick-fil-A Inc. founder
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OCC
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
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