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June 7, 2026 

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SHUTDOWN RULE, MONOPOLY: The marginal revenue and marginal cost approach to analyzing a monopoly firm's short-run production decision can be used to identify circumstances in which a firm minimizes losses by shutting down production in the short run. If the market price falls below average total cost, it must decide if the economic loss from producing the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost is more or less than the economic loss incurred with shutting down production in the short run (which is equal to total fixed cost).

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BUDGET SURPLUS: An excess of budgetary revenues over expenditures. This seemingly rare event is in fact commonly practiced by many state and local governments -- albeit often because of constitutional mandates. The federal government has even accomplished this feat once or twice. Consumers operate a budget surplus whenever they're able to put a little bit of their income into saving.

     See also | budget | government | consumer | government securities | balanced budget | budget deficit |


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BUSINESS CYCLE INDICATORS

Assorted economic statistics that provide valuable information about the expansions and contractions of business cycles. These statistics are grouped into three sets--lagging, coincident, and leading. Leading economic indicators tend to move up or down a few months BEFORE business-cycle expansions and contractions. Coincident economic indicators tend to reach their peaks and troughs AT THE SAME TIME as business cycles. Lagging economic indicators tend to rise or fall a few months AFTER business-cycle expansions and contractions.

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BROWN PRAGMATOX
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites looking to buy either a rechargeable battery for your camera or a coffee cup commemorating the first day of spring. Be on the lookout for letters from the Internal Revenue Service.
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Potato chips were invented in 1853 by a irritated chef repeatedly seeking to appease the hard to please Cornelius Vanderbilt who demanded french fried potatoes that were thinner and crisper than normal.
"There is at least one point in the history of any company when you have to change dramatically to rise to the next level of performance. Miss that moment, and you start to decline. "

-- Andy Grove, Intel Corp. chairman

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Association of Futures Brokers and Dealers (UK)
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