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November 12, 2025 

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PERFECT COMPETITION AND EFFICIENCY: Perfect competition is the idealized market structure that achieves an efficient allocation of resources. The conditions of perfect competition, including (1) large number of small firms, (2) identical products sold by all firms, (3) freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry, and (4) perfect knowledge of prices and technology, ensure that perfect competition efficiently allocates resources. This is in fact the purpose of perfect competition: a market structure that illustrates perfection, the best of all possible resource allocation worlds. The real world falls short of this perfection.

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GOVERNMENT SECURITIES: Financial instruments used by the federal government to borrow money. Government securities are issued by the U.S. Treasury to cover the federal government's budget deficit. Much like consumers who borrow money from banks to finance the purchase of a house or car, the federal government borrows money to finance some of its expenditures. These securities include small denomination ($25, $50, or $100), nonnegotiable Series EE savings bonds purchased by consumers. The really serious money, however, is borrowed using larger denomination securities ($100,000 or more) purchased by banks, corporations, foreign governments, and others with large sums of money to lend.

     See also | government borrowing | government sector | budget deficit | Treasury bill | Treasury note | Treasury bond | government debt | open market operations | bank | corporation | money creation | risk |


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AVERAGE REVENUE CURVE, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION

A curve that graphically represents the relation between average revenue received by a monopolistically competitive firm for selling its output and the quantity of output sold. Because average revenue is essentially the price of a good, the average revenue curve is also the demand curve for a monopolistically competitive firm's output.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a dollar discount store trying to buy either pink cotton balls or a genuine down-filled comforter. Be on the lookout for the happiest person in the room.
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The 1909 Lincoln penny was the first U.S. coin with the likeness of a U.S. President.
"The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes. "

-- Tony Blair, British prime minister

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