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July 16, 2025 

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ALLOCATION: The process of distributing resources for the production of goods and services, and of distributing goods and services for consumption by households. This process of allocation is essential to an economy's effort to address the problem of scarcity. An allocation is efficient if the resources, goods, and services are distributed according to the economy's highest valued uses.

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CAPITAL GAINS TAX: A tax on the difference between the sales price of a "capital" asset and it's original purchase price. The capital assets subject to this tax include such things real estate, stocks, and bonds. This tax is frequently a source of controversy between the second and third estates. In that the second estate owns and sells a lot of this sort of capital, they don't like to pay taxes on capital gains. However, because the third estate doesn't have much capital it seems like a pretty good thing to tax. Those who oppose the capital gains tax argue that it takes away funds that would be used for further capital investment, which thus inhibits economic growth. Those who favor it argue that helps equalize unfairly unequal income and wealth distributions.

     See also | capital | asset | corporate stock | bond | second estate | third estate | investment | economic growth | income distribution | wealth distribution | corporate income tax | progressive tax |


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INVESTMENT LINE

A graphical depiction of the relation between investment expenditures by the business sector and the economy's aggregate level of income or production. This relation plays a key role in the study of Keynesian economics. A investment line is characterized by vertical intercept, which indicates autonomous investment, and slope, which is the marginal propensity to invest and indicates induced investment. The aggregate expenditures line used in Keynesian economics is derived by adding or stacking the investment line onto the consumption line, then adding government purchases and net exports to this stack.

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