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LAFFER CURVE: The graphical inverted-U relation between tax rates and total tax collections by government. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, the Laffer curve formed a key theoretical foundation for supply-side economics of President Reagan during the 1980s. It is based on the notion that government collects zero revenue if the tax rate is 0% and if the tax rate is 100%. At a 100% tax rate no one has the incentive to work, produce, and earn income, so there is no income to tax. As such, the optimum tax rate, in which government revenue is maximized, lies somewhere between 0% and 100%. This generates a curve shaped like and inverted U, rising from zero to a peak, then falling back to zero. If the economy is operating to the right of the peak, then government revenue can be increased by decreasing the tax rate. This was used to justify supply-side economic policies during the Reagan Administration, especially the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (Kemp-Roth Act).
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COST-PUSH INFLATION: Inflation of the economy's average price level induced by decreases in aggregate supply that result from increases in production cost. This type of inflation occurs when the cost of using any of the four factors of production (labor, capital, land, or entrepreneurship) increases. In general, higher production cost means the economy simply can't continue to supply the same production at the same price level. If buyers want the production, they must pay higher prices. The higher cost "pushes" the price level higher. You might want to compare cost-push inflation with demand-pull inflation. See also | inflation | aggregate supply | production cost | factors of production | labor | capital | land | entrepreneurship | household sector | business sector | government sector | foreign sector | aggregate expenditures | demand-pull inflation | production possibilities | aggregate market | long-run aggregate supply curve | aggregate demand curve | shortage | price level |
Recommended Citation:COST-PUSH INFLATION, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2023. [Accessed: June 1, 2023].
AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia:Additional information on this term can be found at: WEB*pedia: cost-push inflation
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SHORT-RUN PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVES A firm faces three production options in the short run based on a comparison between price, average total cost, and average variable cost. If price is greater than average total cost, a firm earns an economic profit by producing the quantity that equates marginal revenue with marginal cost. If price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost, a firm incurs an economic loss, but produces the quantity that equates marginal revenue with marginal cost. If price is less than average variable cost, a firm shuts down production in the short run, incurring an economic loss equal to total fixed cost.
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BEIGE MUNDORTLE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for a specialty store wanting to buy either a coffee cup commemorating the first day of winter or a video game player. Be on the lookout for small children selling products door-to-door.
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The portion of aggregate output U.S. citizens pay in taxes (30%) is less than the other six leading industrialized nations -- Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, or Japan.
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"Chance favors only the prepared mind." -- Louis Pasteur, biologist
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BPEA
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
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