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PRICE CONTROLS: Government intervention in markets in which legal restrictions are placed on the prices charged. The two basic types of price controls are price ceilings and price floors. Price ceilings are maximum prices set below the equilibrium price. Price floors are minimum prices set above the equilibrium price. Price controls imposed on an otherwise efficient and competitive market create imbalances (shortages or surpluses) which cause inefficiency. However, imposing price controls on a market that fails to achieve efficiency (due to market control, externalities, or imperfect information) can actual improve efficiency. Price controls have also be used economy-wide in an attempt to reduce inflation.
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Lesson 14: Production | Unit 4: Long-Run Production
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Page: 17 of 25
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- An important notion:
- Most firms operate in the short run and long run simultaneously.
- Firms engage in day-to-day production activities -- combining inputs to produce output guided by short-run production principles, especially the law of diminishing marginal returns.
- However, at the same time they are making plans to change any fixed inputs, plans that take time to implement.
- For this reason, the long run is often termed the planning period or planning horizon.
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LAW OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE A principle that states that every nation, worker, or production entity has a production activity that incurs a lower opportunity cost than that of another nation, worker, or production entity, which means that trade between the two can be beneficial to both if each specializes in the production of a good with lower relative opportunity cost. This law is most often studied in the confines of international trade, but it also applies to labor and other types of production.
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PURPLE SMARPHIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time strolling through a department store trying to buy either a travel case for you toothbrush or a looseleaf notebook binder. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from long-lost relatives.
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The earliest known use of paper currency was about 1270 in China during the rule of Kubla Khan.
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"Inside the ring or out, ain't nothing wrong with going down. It's staying down that's wrong. " -- Muhammad Ali
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QLR
Quasi-Likelihood Ratio
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