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EXCESS DEMAND: A disequilibrium condition in a competitive market in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, hence there's "extra" demand. Pointy-headed economists generally use the more technical term shortage rather than excess demand. The reason, of course, is that shortage has two syllables and excess demand has four. The time saved in pronouncing two syllables rather than four is a definite efficiency plus for the entire economy.

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MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY: A theory used to analyze the profit-maximizing quantity of inputs (that is, the services of factor of productions) purchased by a firm in the production of its output. Marginal productivity theory indicates that the demand for a factor of production input is based on the marginal product of the factor and the price of the output produced by the factor.

     See also | theory | factor markets | short-run production | input | factors of production | marginal product | derived demand | marginal physical product | marginal revenue product | marginal factor cost |


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VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE

The process of willingly trading one valuable commodity (good, service, or resource) for another. The key term is "willingly," which distinguishes voluntary exchanges from involuntary exchanges, such as those created by government taxes. Voluntary exchanges are the foundation of market transactions.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex seeking to buy either a green and yellow striped sweater vest or a Boston Red Sox baseball cap. Be on the lookout for empty parking spaces that appear to be near the entrance to a store.
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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