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July 18, 2025 

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KALDOR-HICKS IMPROVEMENT: Based on the Kaldor-Hicks efficiency criterion, the notion that an action improves efficiency if the willingness to pay of those benefiting exceed the willingness to accept of those harmed. In other words, if those gains exceed those losses, or the benefits exceed the costs, then social welfare is improved and undertaking the action provides a net benefit to society. In other words, the winners can, in principle, compensate the losers for their loss, and still come out ahead. The actual compensation, however, is required. A contrasting condition for attaining efficiency is the Pareto improvement.

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FREE-RIDER PROBLEM: The inclination to enjoy the benefit of a good without paying for it--if you don't have to. This is the main reason public goods are produced by government. Most people won't voluntarily pay for a public good, because excludability means they can get it without paying--a free ride. With a large number of free riders--perhaps everyone--voluntary payments like those occurring in markets won't provide enough revenue to pay production costs. The only way to finance public goods is to force free-riders, and everyone else, to pay through taxes.

     See also | public good | excludability | rival consumption | good types | market | taxes | production cost |


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FREE-RIDER PROBLEM, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: July 18, 2025].


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MARGINAL PHYSICAL PRODUCT

The change in the quantity of total physical product resulting from a unit change in a variable input, keeping all other inputs unchanged. Marginal physical product, usually abbreviated MPP, is found by dividing the change in total physical product by the change in the variable input. Marginal physical product, which more often goes by the name marginal product (MP), is one of two measures derived from total physical product. The other is average physical product.

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