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ENTRY BARRIERS: Institutional, government, technological, or economic restrictions on the entry of firms into a market or industry. The four primary barriers to entry are: resource ownership, patents and copyrights, government restrictions, and start-up costs. Barriers to entry are a key reason for market control and the inefficiency that this generates. In particular, monopoly, oligopoly, monopsony, and oligopsony often owe their market control to assorted barriers to entry. By way of contrast, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopsonistic competition have few if any barriers to entry and thus little or no market control.
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TOTAL FACTOR COST The opportunity cost incurred when using a given factor of production to produce a good or service. This is the total cost associated with the use of a particular resource or factor of production--it is the total cost of the factor. Total factor cost is predominately used in the analysis of the factor market. Two derivative factor cost measures are average factor cost and marginal factor cost.
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The first U.S. fire insurance company was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 in Philadelphia.
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"We must be willing to let go of the life we have planned, so as to have the life that is waiting for us. " -- E. M. Forster, writer
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IPUMS
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
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